niedziela, 28 grudnia 2025

Extruder comparison part 1

 Over the time I was searching for some good and relatively cheap Extruder. My journey with 3D printing started years ago when Anet A6 was a Queen of budget machine with crappy Extruder. Next machin which is still alive is my heavily modified HEVO. With this printer my another journey with Extruder starts.

Bowden Extruders.

At the beginning world of lightweight and compact Extruders doesn't exist. They were very heavy and bulky. Regarding to that most popular were bowden Extruders. My first one was  Mobius 2 by Voron Design. This design is very power full and many time it just tear out PTFE tubes from push fittings.



Next natural upgrade was swithing to Mobius 3 also by Voron Design. And again powerfull construction.



My last bowden extruder was Rappel by Annex-Engineering mounted at the top of my HEVO enclosure. 

With those Extruders after tweaking I was able to achieve retraction level below 2mm. When I compare those values even with direct drive on Enders it is unavailable low value.

Direct drive Extruders.

Over the time direct drive Extruders became more compact and fancy so natural way was to go with them as upgrade for my HEVO. I test many of them before I decide to create this set of articles, so not all of them will be here.

Testing procedure.

Preconditions

  • PA is disabled by default
  • The same filament is used whole the time
  • The same temperature is used during each test
  • Using Road runner filament sensor as measurement device

Test setup.

  • JAYO PLA+ filament
  • Ender3 V3 SE/KE hot end with 0.4 mm nozzle
  • klipper firmware
  • Motor ldo-36sth20-1004ahg

Test steps.

Calibrate Extruder steps.

After changing each Extruder, steps are calibrated and updated. Using command
CALIBRATE_FILAMENT_SENSOR_ROTATION_DISTANCE SENSOR=roadrunner TEMP=220 LENGTH=10 SPEED=60 COUNT=10 MIN_FITNESS=0.988
Even if calibration of Road runner is not perfect, the same measurement error will be applied for all tested extruders.

Perform flow test.

Flow test was executed with enabled save graph flag.
CALIBRATE_MAX_FLOW SENSOR=roadrunner DURATION=5 COUNT=3 TEMP=220 START=5 STOP=25 SAVE_GRAPH=1 MIN_FITNESS=0.988

Firmware Extruder configuration.


[tmc2209 extruder]
interpolate: true
sense_resistor: 0.110
run_current: 0.52
driver_TBL: 2
driver_TOFF: 2
driver_HEND: 7
driver_HSTRT: 7

[autotune_tmc extruder]
tuning_goal: performance
motor: ldo-36sth20-1004ahg
voltage: 24
extra_hysteresis: 0
tbl: 2
toff: 2


List of tested Extruders in order.




Results


    Miró


    Assuming non-linear extrusion compensation is enabled, a maximum volumetric flow up to 21.021869mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 8.74mm/s (which corresponds to 10.21mm/s after compensation). If the extruder is unable to reliably sustain this speed, lowering the max volumetric flow further is recommended.
Compensation coefficients: [-1.05179799  1.78440879 -0.1697739   0.0129294 ].
Enable with: ENABLE_NONLINEAR_EXTRUSION SENSOR=roadrunner ENABLE=1 COEFFICIENTS=-1.0517980,1.7844088,-0.1697739,0.0129294
Assuming no non-linear extrusion compensation, a conservative volumetric flow of 11.999999999999998mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 4.99mm/s and the deviation from requested speed within a margin of 5.0%.
    Full log
    Heater turned off
    Saved CALIBRATE_MAX_FLOW_measured_vs_expected_speed_20251223_091121.png
    Assuming non-linear extrusion compensation is enabled, a maximum volumetric flow up to 21.021869mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 8.74mm/s (which corresponds to 10.21mm/s after compensation). If the extruder is unable to reliably sustain this speed, lowering the max volumetric flow further is recommended.
    Compensation coefficients: [-1.05179799  1.78440879 -0.1697739   0.0129294 ].
    Enable with: ENABLE_NONLINEAR_EXTRUSION SENSOR=roadrunner ENABLE=1 COEFFICIENTS=-1.0517980,1.7844088,-0.1697739,0.0129294
    Assuming no non-linear extrusion compensation, a conservative volumetric flow of 11.999999999999998mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 4.99mm/s and the deviation from requested speed within a margin of 5.0%.
    Run 1/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.36mm/s, flow=24.91mm³/s), measured=42.65mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.67mm/s, flow=20.86mm³/s) = 16.54% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.36mm/s, flow=24.92mm³/s), measured=43.66mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.76mm/s, flow=21.07mm³/s) = 15.71% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.36mm/s, flow=24.92mm³/s), measured=43.38mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=8.78mm/s, flow=21.13mm³/s) = 15.48% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.96mm/s, flow=23.96mm³/s), measured=42.83mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=8.69mm/s, flow=20.90mm³/s) = 12.90% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.94mm/s, flow=23.90mm³/s), measured=42.47mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.57mm/s, flow=20.61mm³/s) = 14.14% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.94mm/s, flow=23.91mm³/s), measured=41.60mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.48mm/s, flow=20.40mm³/s) = 14.98% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.92mm³/s), measured=41.78mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=8.46mm/s, flow=20.34mm³/s) = 11.55% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.93mm³/s), measured=42.01mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.41mm/s, flow=20.23mm³/s) = 12.04% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.93mm³/s), measured=41.33mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.36mm/s, flow=20.11mm³/s) = 12.55% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.11mm/s, flow=21.91mm³/s), measured=40.46mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.19mm/s, flow=19.71mm³/s) = 10.43% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.11mm/s, flow=21.92mm³/s), measured=40.59mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.23mm/s, flow=19.79mm³/s) = 10.04% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.12mm/s, flow=21.92mm³/s), measured=40.91mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.23mm/s, flow=19.79mm³/s) = 10.03% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.69mm/s, flow=20.90mm³/s), measured=38.67mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.89mm/s, flow=18.98mm³/s) = 9.63% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.69mm/s, flow=20.90mm³/s), measured=39.41mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.91mm/s, flow=19.02mm³/s) = 9.42% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.69mm/s, flow=20.91mm³/s), measured=39.13mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.94mm/s, flow=19.10mm³/s) = 9.04% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.29mm/s, flow=19.93mm³/s), measured=37.76mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=7.58mm/s, flow=18.24mm³/s) = 8.82% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.29mm/s, flow=19.93mm³/s), measured=37.90mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=7.54mm/s, flow=18.14mm³/s) = 9.29% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.27mm/s, flow=19.90mm³/s), measured=37.12mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.51mm/s, flow=18.07mm³/s) = 9.66% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.92mm³/s), measured=36.07mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.28mm/s, flow=17.50mm³/s) = 7.90% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.92mm³/s), measured=35.93mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=7.26mm/s, flow=17.45mm³/s) = 8.15% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.93mm³/s), measured=35.98mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.28mm/s, flow=17.52mm³/s) = 7.78% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.46mm/s, flow=17.95mm³/s), measured=34.33mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.94mm/s, flow=16.69mm³/s) = 7.29% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.46mm/s, flow=17.95mm³/s), measured=34.06mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.90mm/s, flow=16.60mm³/s) = 7.77% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.46mm/s, flow=17.95mm³/s), measured=34.38mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.94mm/s, flow=16.69mm³/s) = 7.27% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.06mm/s, flow=16.99mm³/s), measured=32.64mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.60mm/s, flow=15.89mm³/s) = 6.55% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.06mm/s, flow=16.99mm³/s), measured=32.69mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=6.62mm/s, flow=15.92mm³/s) = 6.33% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.95mm³/s), measured=32.69mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=6.61mm/s, flow=15.90mm³/s) = 6.49% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.64mm/s, flow=15.96mm³/s), measured=30.95mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.98mm³/s) = 6.40% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.64mm/s, flow=15.96mm³/s), measured=31.09mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.98mm³/s) = 6.37% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.64mm/s, flow=15.96mm³/s), measured=30.54mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=6.20mm/s, flow=14.92mm³/s) = 6.77% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.22mm/s, flow=14.96mm³/s), measured=28.85mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.85mm/s, flow=14.07mm³/s) = 6.19% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.22mm/s, flow=14.96mm³/s), measured=29.07mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.84mm/s, flow=14.05mm³/s) = 6.33% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.22mm/s, flow=14.96mm³/s), measured=28.80mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.84mm/s, flow=14.06mm³/s) = 6.28% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.80mm/s, flow=13.95mm³/s), measured=26.88mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.51mm/s, flow=13.26mm³/s) = 5.29% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.80mm/s, flow=13.95mm³/s), measured=27.25mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.49mm/s, flow=13.22mm³/s) = 5.60% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.80mm/s, flow=13.96mm³/s), measured=27.38mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.48mm/s, flow=13.18mm³/s) = 5.84% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.96mm³/s), measured=25.55mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.12mm/s, flow=12.32mm³/s) = 5.22% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.96mm³/s), measured=25.83mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.14mm/s, flow=12.37mm³/s) = 4.87% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.40mm/s, flow=12.98mm³/s), measured=25.37mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.15mm/s, flow=12.39mm³/s) = 4.67% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.97mm/s, flow=11.96mm³/s), measured=23.63mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.76mm/s, flow=11.46mm³/s) = 4.50% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.97mm/s, flow=11.96mm³/s), measured=23.63mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.76mm/s, flow=11.45mm³/s) = 4.60% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.97mm/s, flow=11.96mm³/s), measured=23.63mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.76mm/s, flow=11.44mm³/s) = 4.67% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.96mm³/s), measured=21.62mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.36mm/s, flow=10.48mm³/s) = 4.71% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.96mm³/s), measured=21.67mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.36mm/s, flow=10.49mm³/s) = 4.68% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.96mm³/s), measured=21.71mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.37mm/s, flow=10.52mm³/s) = 4.35% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.95mm³/s), measured=19.98mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=4.04mm/s, flow=9.72mm³/s) = 2.76% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=19.93mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.05mm/s, flow=9.73mm³/s) = 2.65% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=19.66mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.99mm/s, flow=9.59mm³/s) = 4.14% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.73mm/s, flow=8.97mm³/s), measured=17.74mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.59mm/s, flow=8.63mm³/s) = 4.12% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.73mm/s, flow=8.98mm³/s), measured=18.01mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.58mm/s, flow=8.62mm³/s) = 4.26% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.72mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=17.60mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.59mm/s, flow=8.65mm³/s) = 3.94% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.96mm³/s), measured=16.05mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.19mm/s, flow=7.68mm³/s) = 3.99% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.96mm³/s), measured=15.82mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=3.23mm/s, flow=7.78mm³/s) = 2.77% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.96mm³/s), measured=16.27mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.25mm/s, flow=7.81mm³/s) = 2.40% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=13.85mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.84mm/s, flow=6.82mm³/s) = 2.55% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=13.99mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.85mm/s, flow=6.85mm³/s) = 2.20% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.90mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=14.31mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.84mm/s, flow=6.83mm³/s) = 2.44% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.11mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.44mm/s, flow=5.86mm³/s) = 2.31% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.02mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.41mm/s, flow=5.80mm³/s) = 3.37% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.11mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=2.46mm/s, flow=5.92mm³/s) = 1.34% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.96mm³/s), measured=10.19mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=2.10mm/s, flow=5.05mm³/s) = 1.02% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.96mm³/s), measured=10.24mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.09mm/s, flow=5.03mm³/s) = 0.55% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.96mm³/s), measured=10.15mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=2.03mm/s, flow=4.87mm³/s) = 2.55% speed deviation

    Dletgbs



    Assuming non-linear extrusion compensation is enabled, a maximum volumetric flow up to 18.238827mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 7.58mm/s (which corresponds to 8.58mm/s after compensation). If the extruder is unable to reliably sustain this speed, lowering the max volumetric flow further is recommended.
Compensation coefficients: [-0.42031994  1.47740002 -0.13464719  0.01271045].
Enable with: ENABLE_NONLINEAR_EXTRUSION SENSOR=roadrunner ENABLE=1 COEFFICIENTS=-0.4203199,1.4774000,-0.1346472,0.0127104
Assuming no non-linear extrusion compensation, a conservative volumetric flow of 20.0mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 8.32mm/s and the deviation from requested speed within a margin of 5.0%.
    Full log
    Heater turned off
    Saved CALIBRATE_MAX_FLOW_measured_vs_expected_speed_20251223_212134.png
    Assuming non-linear extrusion compensation is enabled, a maximum volumetric flow up to 18.724039mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 7.78mm/s (which corresponds to 8.67mm/s after compensation). If the extruder is unable to reliably sustain this speed, lowering the max volumetric flow further is recommended.
    Compensation coefficients: [-0.66375761  1.63077321 -0.18471127  0.01659579].
    Enable with: ENABLE_NONLINEAR_EXTRUSION SENSOR=roadrunner ENABLE=1 COEFFICIENTS=-0.6637576,1.6307732,-0.1847113,0.0165958
    Assuming no non-linear extrusion compensation, a conservative volumetric flow of 20.0mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 8.32mm/s and the deviation from requested speed within a margin of 5.0%.
    Run 1/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.38mm/s, flow=24.97mm³/s), measured=39.31mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=7.77mm/s, flow=18.69mm³/s) = 25.23% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.36mm/s, flow=24.92mm³/s), measured=38.40mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.78mm/s, flow=18.70mm³/s) = 25.19% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.36mm/s, flow=24.92mm³/s), measured=39.41mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=7.81mm/s, flow=18.78mm³/s) = 24.89% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.95mm/s, flow=23.93mm³/s), measured=40.27mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.80mm/s, flow=18.77mm³/s) = 21.80% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.95mm/s, flow=23.93mm³/s), measured=39.68mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.99mm/s, flow=19.21mm³/s) = 19.95% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.96mm/s, flow=23.96mm³/s), measured=39.63mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.82mm/s, flow=18.80mm³/s) = 21.67% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.92mm³/s), measured=39.54mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.89mm/s, flow=18.97mm³/s) = 17.54% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.92mm³/s), measured=39.50mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.83mm/s, flow=18.84mm³/s) = 18.11% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.93mm³/s), measured=40.14mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.96mm/s, flow=19.14mm³/s) = 16.77% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.12mm/s, flow=21.92mm³/s), measured=39.59mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.99mm/s, flow=19.22mm³/s) = 12.63% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.12mm/s, flow=21.93mm³/s), measured=39.68mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=8.01mm/s, flow=19.27mm³/s) = 12.39% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.13mm/s, flow=21.96mm³/s), measured=39.73mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=8.12mm/s, flow=19.52mm³/s) = 11.27% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.70mm/s, flow=20.93mm³/s), measured=40.69mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.92mm³/s) = 5.13% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.71mm/s, flow=20.96mm³/s), measured=40.14mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.16mm/s, flow=19.62mm³/s) = 6.56% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.70mm/s, flow=20.92mm³/s), measured=40.14mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.03mm/s, flow=19.32mm³/s) = 8.02% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.92mm³/s), measured=40.64mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.23mm/s, flow=19.80mm³/s) = 1.00% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.92mm³/s), measured=40.00mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.03mm/s, flow=19.33mm³/s) = 3.37% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.29mm/s, flow=19.93mm³/s), measured=40.00mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=8.13mm/s, flow=19.55mm³/s) = 2.27% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.93mm³/s), measured=38.99mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.83mm/s, flow=18.83mm³/s) = 0.90% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.93mm³/s), measured=38.86mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=7.83mm/s, flow=18.84mm³/s) = 0.83% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.88mm/s, flow=18.95mm³/s), measured=38.81mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.82mm/s, flow=18.82mm³/s) = 0.97% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.48mm/s, flow=17.99mm³/s), measured=36.75mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.46mm/s, flow=17.95mm³/s) = 0.29% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.47mm/s, flow=17.96mm³/s), measured=36.94mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.44mm/s, flow=17.90mm³/s) = 0.57% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.47mm/s, flow=17.96mm³/s), measured=36.98mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.42mm/s, flow=17.85mm³/s) = 0.85% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.96mm³/s), measured=34.79mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.96mm³/s) = 0.22% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.97mm³/s), measured=35.11mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.06mm/s, flow=16.98mm³/s) = 0.12% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.06mm/s, flow=16.99mm³/s), measured=34.70mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.07mm/s, flow=17.00mm³/s) = 0.02% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s), measured=32.50mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.62mm/s, flow=15.92mm³/s) = 0.49% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s), measured=32.87mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.64mm/s, flow=15.96mm³/s) = 0.24% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.64mm/s, flow=15.96mm³/s), measured=33.01mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s) = 0.06% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.22mm/s, flow=14.97mm³/s), measured=30.77mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.21mm/s, flow=14.94mm³/s) = 0.37% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.22mm/s, flow=14.96mm³/s), measured=31.13mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=6.24mm/s, flow=15.00mm³/s) = 0.01% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.99mm³/s), measured=30.54mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.22mm/s, flow=14.95mm³/s) = 0.30% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.82mm/s, flow=13.99mm³/s), measured=28.66mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.98mm³/s) = 0.12% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.80mm/s, flow=13.96mm³/s), measured=28.75mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=5.80mm/s, flow=13.94mm³/s) = 0.43% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.96mm³/s), measured=28.94mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.97mm³/s) = 0.20% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.97mm³/s), measured=26.88mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.38mm/s, flow=12.94mm³/s) = 0.44% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.40mm/s, flow=12.98mm³/s), measured=26.65mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.38mm/s, flow=12.95mm³/s) = 0.42% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.40mm/s, flow=12.98mm³/s), measured=26.51mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.42mm/s, flow=13.03mm³/s) = 0.26% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.97mm/s, flow=11.96mm³/s), measured=24.78mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.98mm/s, flow=11.97mm³/s) = 0.21% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.97mm/s, flow=11.96mm³/s), measured=24.64mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.98mm/s, flow=11.98mm³/s) = 0.19% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.97mm/s, flow=11.97mm³/s), measured=24.69mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=4.98mm/s, flow=11.98mm³/s) = 0.15% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.98mm³/s), measured=22.54mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=4.57mm/s, flow=10.99mm³/s) = 0.08% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.57mm/s, flow=10.98mm³/s), measured=22.49mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.55mm/s, flow=10.95mm³/s) = 0.47% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.96mm³/s), measured=22.54mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.55mm/s, flow=10.94mm³/s) = 0.54% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=20.43mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=4.12mm/s, flow=9.90mm³/s) = 1.02% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=20.80mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=4.16mm/s, flow=9.99mm³/s) = 0.05% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.97mm³/s), measured=20.94mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=4.17mm/s, flow=10.02mm³/s) = 0.22% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.73mm/s, flow=8.98mm³/s), measured=18.29mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.74mm/s, flow=9.00mm³/s) = 0.03% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.72mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=18.83mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.78mm/s, flow=9.10mm³/s) = 1.15% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.73mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=18.42mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.74mm/s, flow=8.98mm³/s) = 0.17% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.96mm³/s), measured=16.82mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.35mm/s, flow=8.06mm³/s) = 0.73% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.96mm³/s), measured=16.23mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.97mm³/s) = 0.41% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.96mm³/s), measured=16.82mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.30mm/s, flow=7.94mm³/s) = 0.75% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.90mm/s, flow=6.97mm³/s), measured=14.58mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=2.95mm/s, flow=7.11mm³/s) = 1.51% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.90mm/s, flow=6.98mm³/s), measured=14.17mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.92mm/s, flow=7.03mm³/s) = 0.49% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=14.35mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s) = 0.58% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.66mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.50mm/s, flow=6.02mm³/s) = 0.39% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.85mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.52mm/s, flow=6.07mm³/s) = 1.08% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.62mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.47mm/s, flow=5.94mm³/s) = 1.07% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.96mm³/s), measured=10.56mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.09mm/s, flow=5.02mm³/s) = 0.47% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.96mm³/s), measured=10.42mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.95mm³/s) = 1.05% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.96mm³/s), measured=10.61mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.10mm/s, flow=5.05mm³/s) = 1.01% speed deviation


    ProtoXtruderNX


    Assuming non-linear extrusion compensation is enabled, a maximum volumetric flow up to 18.724039mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 7.78mm/s (which corresponds to 8.67mm/s after compensation). If the extruder is unable to reliably sustain this speed, lowering the max volumetric flow further is recommended.
Compensation coefficients: [-0.66375761  1.63077321 -0.18471127  0.01659579].
Enable with: ENABLE_NONLINEAR_EXTRUSION SENSOR=roadrunner ENABLE=1 COEFFICIENTS=-0.6637576,1.6307732,-0.1847113,0.0165958
Assuming no non-linear extrusion compensation, a conservative volumetric flow of 20.0mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 8.32mm/s and the deviation from requested speed within a margin of 5.0%.
    Full log
    Saved CALIBRATE_MAX_FLOW_measured_vs_expected_speed_20251223_133523.png
    Assuming non-linear extrusion compensation is enabled, a maximum volumetric flow up to 18.238827mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 7.58mm/s (which corresponds to 8.58mm/s after compensation). If the extruder is unable to reliably sustain this speed, lowering the max volumetric flow further is recommended.
    Compensation coefficients: [-0.42031994  1.47740002 -0.13464719  0.01271045].
    Enable with: ENABLE_NONLINEAR_EXTRUSION SENSOR=roadrunner ENABLE=1 COEFFICIENTS=-0.4203199,1.4774000,-0.1346472,0.0127104
    Assuming no non-linear extrusion compensation, a conservative volumetric flow of 20.0mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 8.32mm/s and the deviation from requested speed within a margin of 5.0%.
    Run 1/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.38mm/s, flow=24.97mm³/s), measured=37.62mm in 4.94 seconds (at speed=7.55mm/s, flow=18.16mm³/s) = 27.37% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.38mm/s, flow=24.97mm³/s), measured=38.22mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.46mm/s, flow=17.93mm³/s) = 28.27% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.38mm/s, flow=24.97mm³/s), measured=38.35mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.74mm/s, flow=18.63mm³/s) = 25.49% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.95mm/s, flow=23.93mm³/s), measured=39.54mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=7.91mm/s, flow=19.03mm³/s) = 20.71% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.96mm/s, flow=23.96mm³/s), measured=39.95mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.96mm/s, flow=19.15mm³/s) = 20.23% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.96mm/s, flow=23.96mm³/s), measured=39.82mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.88mm/s, flow=18.95mm³/s) = 21.04% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.55mm/s, flow=22.97mm³/s), measured=40.05mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.09mm/s, flow=19.46mm³/s) = 15.37% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.92mm³/s), measured=38.77mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.06mm/s, flow=19.39mm³/s) = 15.68% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.93mm³/s), measured=39.31mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.94mm³/s) = 17.67% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.13mm/s, flow=21.96mm³/s), measured=39.77mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=8.10mm/s, flow=19.49mm³/s) = 11.39% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.13mm/s, flow=21.96mm³/s), measured=39.45mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.89mm/s, flow=18.97mm³/s) = 13.79% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.13mm/s, flow=21.96mm³/s), measured=37.76mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.81mm/s, flow=18.80mm³/s) = 14.56% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.70mm/s, flow=20.93mm³/s), measured=40.78mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.18mm/s, flow=19.68mm³/s) = 6.30% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.71mm/s, flow=20.96mm³/s), measured=38.67mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.92mm/s, flow=19.05mm³/s) = 9.31% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.71mm/s, flow=20.96mm³/s), measured=37.67mm in 4.83 seconds (at speed=7.96mm/s, flow=19.15mm³/s) = 8.81% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.92mm³/s), measured=39.31mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.97mm/s, flow=19.17mm³/s) = 4.13% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.93mm³/s), measured=39.91mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.97mm/s, flow=19.18mm³/s) = 4.10% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.93mm³/s), measured=39.41mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.95mm/s, flow=19.13mm³/s) = 4.35% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.88mm/s, flow=18.96mm³/s), measured=37.39mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.59mm/s, flow=18.26mm³/s) = 3.88% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.92mm³/s), measured=37.58mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.55mm/s, flow=18.15mm³/s) = 4.47% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.92mm³/s), measured=37.71mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.56mm/s, flow=18.19mm³/s) = 4.24% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.47mm/s, flow=17.97mm³/s), measured=35.66mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.19mm/s, flow=17.29mm³/s) = 3.95% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.48mm/s, flow=17.99mm³/s), measured=35.25mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.18mm/s, flow=17.28mm³/s) = 4.01% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.48mm/s, flow=17.99mm³/s), measured=35.47mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.21mm/s, flow=17.34mm³/s) = 3.65% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.96mm³/s), measured=33.60mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=6.76mm/s, flow=16.26mm³/s) = 4.38% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.96mm³/s), measured=33.69mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.75mm/s, flow=16.23mm³/s) = 4.55% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.96mm³/s), measured=33.60mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.76mm/s, flow=16.27mm³/s) = 4.29% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s), measured=31.36mm in 4.94 seconds (at speed=6.32mm/s, flow=15.20mm³/s) = 5.01% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s), measured=31.22mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.34mm/s, flow=15.25mm³/s) = 4.70% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s), measured=30.95mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.30mm/s, flow=15.15mm³/s) = 5.28% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.99mm³/s), measured=29.39mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.94mm/s, flow=14.28mm³/s) = 4.78% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.99mm³/s), measured=29.35mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.92mm/s, flow=14.23mm³/s) = 5.12% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.99mm³/s), measured=29.26mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.96mm/s, flow=14.34mm³/s) = 4.42% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.96mm³/s), measured=27.57mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=5.48mm/s, flow=13.18mm³/s) = 5.85% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.98mm³/s), measured=27.06mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.55mm/s, flow=13.36mm³/s) = 4.56% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.99mm³/s), measured=27.20mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.50mm/s, flow=13.24mm³/s) = 5.46% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.96mm³/s), measured=25.51mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.16mm/s, flow=12.41mm³/s) = 4.56% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.96mm³/s), measured=25.33mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=5.11mm/s, flow=12.29mm³/s) = 5.46% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.96mm³/s), measured=25.69mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=5.14mm/s, flow=12.37mm³/s) = 4.86% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.98mm/s, flow=11.98mm³/s), measured=23.68mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.77mm/s, flow=11.47mm³/s) = 4.43% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.98mm/s, flow=11.98mm³/s), measured=23.54mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.75mm/s, flow=11.44mm³/s) = 4.70% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.97mm/s, flow=11.96mm³/s), measured=23.50mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=4.71mm/s, flow=11.32mm³/s) = 5.63% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.97mm³/s), measured=21.94mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.41mm/s, flow=10.60mm³/s) = 3.66% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.98mm³/s), measured=21.85mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.42mm/s, flow=10.62mm³/s) = 3.44% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.57mm/s, flow=10.98mm³/s), measured=21.58mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=4.36mm/s, flow=10.50mm³/s) = 4.57% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=19.70mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=3.98mm/s, flow=9.58mm³/s) = 4.24% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=19.70mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.97mm/s, flow=9.54mm³/s) = 4.63% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=20.07mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.02mm/s, flow=9.68mm³/s) = 3.25% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.72mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=18.01mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=3.57mm/s, flow=8.58mm³/s) = 4.69% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.73mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=17.65mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.60mm/s, flow=8.66mm³/s) = 3.77% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.73mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=18.29mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.65mm/s, flow=8.79mm³/s) = 2.35% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.96mm³/s), measured=15.86mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.18mm/s, flow=7.65mm³/s) = 4.36% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.32mm/s, flow=7.98mm³/s), measured=16.18mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=3.24mm/s, flow=7.80mm³/s) = 2.50% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.32mm/s, flow=7.98mm³/s), measured=15.68mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=3.22mm/s, flow=7.75mm³/s) = 3.13% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=14.08mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.77mm/s, flow=6.67mm³/s) = 4.73% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=13.99mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=2.82mm/s, flow=6.79mm³/s) = 2.95% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=13.71mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=2.82mm/s, flow=6.78mm³/s) = 3.08% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.16mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.42mm/s, flow=5.81mm³/s) = 3.16% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=11.89mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.35mm/s, flow=5.65mm³/s) = 5.84% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.07mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.38mm/s, flow=5.73mm³/s) = 4.56% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.07mm/s, flow=4.97mm³/s), measured=9.87mm in 4.94 seconds (at speed=1.96mm/s, flow=4.71mm³/s) = 5.84% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.07mm/s, flow=4.97mm³/s), measured=9.97mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=1.97mm/s, flow=4.74mm³/s) = 5.16% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.96mm³/s), measured=9.78mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=1.95mm/s, flow=4.68mm³/s) = 6.39% speed deviation



    ProtoXtruder

    Assuming non-linear extrusion compensation is enabled, a maximum volumetric flow up to 18.724039mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 7.78mm/s (which corresponds to 8.67mm/s after compensation). If the extruder is unable to reliably sustain this speed, lowering the max volumetric flow further is recommended.
Compensation coefficients: [-0.66375761  1.63077321 -0.18471127  0.01659579].
Enable with: ENABLE_NONLINEAR_EXTRUSION SENSOR=roadrunner ENABLE=1 COEFFICIENTS=-0.6637576,1.6307732,-0.1847113,0.0165958
Assuming no non-linear extrusion compensation, a conservative volumetric flow of 20.0mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 8.32mm/s and the deviation from requested speed within a margin of 5.0%.
    Full log
    Saved CALIBRATE_MAX_FLOW_measured_vs_expected_speed_20251223_133523.png
    Assuming non-linear extrusion compensation is enabled, a maximum volumetric flow up to 18.238827mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 7.58mm/s (which corresponds to 8.58mm/s after compensation). If the extruder is unable to reliably sustain this speed, lowering the max volumetric flow further is recommended.
    Compensation coefficients: [-0.42031994  1.47740002 -0.13464719  0.01271045].
    Enable with: ENABLE_NONLINEAR_EXTRUSION SENSOR=roadrunner ENABLE=1 COEFFICIENTS=-0.4203199,1.4774000,-0.1346472,0.0127104
    Assuming no non-linear extrusion compensation, a conservative volumetric flow of 20.0mm³/s is suggested which will keep E speed below 8.32mm/s and the deviation from requested speed within a margin of 5.0%.
    Run 1/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.38mm/s, flow=24.97mm³/s), measured=37.62mm in 4.94 seconds (at speed=7.55mm/s, flow=18.16mm³/s) = 27.37% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.38mm/s, flow=24.97mm³/s), measured=38.22mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.46mm/s, flow=17.93mm³/s) = 28.27% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=51.97mm (at speed=10.38mm/s, flow=24.97mm³/s), measured=38.35mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.74mm/s, flow=18.63mm³/s) = 25.49% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.95mm/s, flow=23.93mm³/s), measured=39.54mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=7.91mm/s, flow=19.03mm³/s) = 20.71% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.96mm/s, flow=23.96mm³/s), measured=39.95mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.96mm/s, flow=19.15mm³/s) = 20.23% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=49.89mm (at speed=9.96mm/s, flow=23.96mm³/s), measured=39.82mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.88mm/s, flow=18.95mm³/s) = 21.04% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.55mm/s, flow=22.97mm³/s), measured=40.05mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.09mm/s, flow=19.46mm³/s) = 15.37% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.92mm³/s), measured=38.77mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.06mm/s, flow=19.39mm³/s) = 15.68% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=47.81mm (at speed=9.53mm/s, flow=22.93mm³/s), measured=39.31mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.94mm³/s) = 17.67% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.13mm/s, flow=21.96mm³/s), measured=39.77mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=8.10mm/s, flow=19.49mm³/s) = 11.39% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.13mm/s, flow=21.96mm³/s), measured=39.45mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.89mm/s, flow=18.97mm³/s) = 13.79% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=45.73mm (at speed=9.13mm/s, flow=21.96mm³/s), measured=37.76mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.81mm/s, flow=18.80mm³/s) = 14.56% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.70mm/s, flow=20.93mm³/s), measured=40.78mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=8.18mm/s, flow=19.68mm³/s) = 6.30% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.71mm/s, flow=20.96mm³/s), measured=38.67mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.92mm/s, flow=19.05mm³/s) = 9.31% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=43.65mm (at speed=8.71mm/s, flow=20.96mm³/s), measured=37.67mm in 4.83 seconds (at speed=7.96mm/s, flow=19.15mm³/s) = 8.81% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.92mm³/s), measured=39.31mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.97mm/s, flow=19.17mm³/s) = 4.13% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.93mm³/s), measured=39.91mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.97mm/s, flow=19.18mm³/s) = 4.10% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=41.58mm (at speed=8.28mm/s, flow=19.93mm³/s), measured=39.41mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.95mm/s, flow=19.13mm³/s) = 4.35% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.88mm/s, flow=18.96mm³/s), measured=37.39mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.59mm/s, flow=18.26mm³/s) = 3.88% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.92mm³/s), measured=37.58mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.55mm/s, flow=18.15mm³/s) = 4.47% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=39.50mm (at speed=7.87mm/s, flow=18.92mm³/s), measured=37.71mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.56mm/s, flow=18.19mm³/s) = 4.24% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.47mm/s, flow=17.97mm³/s), measured=35.66mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=7.19mm/s, flow=17.29mm³/s) = 3.95% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.48mm/s, flow=17.99mm³/s), measured=35.25mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=7.18mm/s, flow=17.28mm³/s) = 4.01% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=37.42mm (at speed=7.48mm/s, flow=17.99mm³/s), measured=35.47mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=7.21mm/s, flow=17.34mm³/s) = 3.65% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.96mm³/s), measured=33.60mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=6.76mm/s, flow=16.26mm³/s) = 4.38% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.96mm³/s), measured=33.69mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.75mm/s, flow=16.23mm³/s) = 4.55% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=35.34mm (at speed=7.05mm/s, flow=16.96mm³/s), measured=33.60mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.76mm/s, flow=16.27mm³/s) = 4.29% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s), measured=31.36mm in 4.94 seconds (at speed=6.32mm/s, flow=15.20mm³/s) = 5.01% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s), measured=31.22mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.34mm/s, flow=15.25mm³/s) = 4.70% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=33.26mm (at speed=6.65mm/s, flow=15.99mm³/s), measured=30.95mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=6.30mm/s, flow=15.15mm³/s) = 5.28% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.99mm³/s), measured=29.39mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.94mm/s, flow=14.28mm³/s) = 4.78% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.99mm³/s), measured=29.35mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.92mm/s, flow=14.23mm³/s) = 5.12% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=31.18mm (at speed=6.23mm/s, flow=14.99mm³/s), measured=29.26mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.96mm/s, flow=14.34mm³/s) = 4.42% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.96mm³/s), measured=27.57mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=5.48mm/s, flow=13.18mm³/s) = 5.85% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.98mm³/s), measured=27.06mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.55mm/s, flow=13.36mm³/s) = 4.56% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=29.10mm (at speed=5.81mm/s, flow=13.99mm³/s), measured=27.20mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=5.50mm/s, flow=13.24mm³/s) = 5.46% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.96mm³/s), measured=25.51mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=5.16mm/s, flow=12.41mm³/s) = 4.56% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.96mm³/s), measured=25.33mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=5.11mm/s, flow=12.29mm³/s) = 5.46% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=27.02mm (at speed=5.39mm/s, flow=12.96mm³/s), measured=25.69mm in 5.14 seconds (at speed=5.14mm/s, flow=12.37mm³/s) = 4.86% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.98mm/s, flow=11.98mm³/s), measured=23.68mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.77mm/s, flow=11.47mm³/s) = 4.43% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.98mm/s, flow=11.98mm³/s), measured=23.54mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.75mm/s, flow=11.44mm³/s) = 4.70% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=24.95mm (at speed=4.97mm/s, flow=11.96mm³/s), measured=23.50mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=4.71mm/s, flow=11.32mm³/s) = 5.63% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.97mm³/s), measured=21.94mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.41mm/s, flow=10.60mm³/s) = 3.66% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.56mm/s, flow=10.98mm³/s), measured=21.85mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.42mm/s, flow=10.62mm³/s) = 3.44% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=22.87mm (at speed=4.57mm/s, flow=10.98mm³/s), measured=21.58mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=4.36mm/s, flow=10.50mm³/s) = 4.57% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=19.70mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=3.98mm/s, flow=9.58mm³/s) = 4.24% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=19.70mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.97mm/s, flow=9.54mm³/s) = 4.63% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=20.79mm (at speed=4.14mm/s, flow=9.96mm³/s), measured=20.07mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=4.02mm/s, flow=9.68mm³/s) = 3.25% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.72mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=18.01mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=3.57mm/s, flow=8.58mm³/s) = 4.69% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.73mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=17.65mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.60mm/s, flow=8.66mm³/s) = 3.77% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=18.71mm (at speed=3.73mm/s, flow=8.96mm³/s), measured=18.29mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.65mm/s, flow=8.79mm³/s) = 2.35% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.31mm/s, flow=7.96mm³/s), measured=15.86mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=3.18mm/s, flow=7.65mm³/s) = 4.36% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.32mm/s, flow=7.98mm³/s), measured=16.18mm in 4.93 seconds (at speed=3.24mm/s, flow=7.80mm³/s) = 2.50% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=16.63mm (at speed=3.32mm/s, flow=7.98mm³/s), measured=15.68mm in 5.13 seconds (at speed=3.22mm/s, flow=7.75mm³/s) = 3.13% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=14.08mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.77mm/s, flow=6.67mm³/s) = 4.73% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=13.99mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=2.82mm/s, flow=6.79mm³/s) = 2.95% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=14.55mm (at speed=2.89mm/s, flow=6.96mm³/s), measured=13.71mm in 5.04 seconds (at speed=2.82mm/s, flow=6.78mm³/s) = 3.08% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.16mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.42mm/s, flow=5.81mm³/s) = 3.16% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=11.89mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.35mm/s, flow=5.65mm³/s) = 5.84% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=12.47mm (at speed=2.48mm/s, flow=5.96mm³/s), measured=12.07mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=2.38mm/s, flow=5.73mm³/s) = 4.56% speed deviation
    Run 1/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.07mm/s, flow=4.97mm³/s), measured=9.87mm in 4.94 seconds (at speed=1.96mm/s, flow=4.71mm³/s) = 5.84% speed deviation
    Run 2/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.07mm/s, flow=4.97mm³/s), measured=9.97mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=1.97mm/s, flow=4.74mm³/s) = 5.16% speed deviation
    Run 3/3 - requested=10.39mm (at speed=2.06mm/s, flow=4.96mm³/s), measured=9.78mm in 5.03 seconds (at speed=1.95mm/s, flow=4.68mm³/s) = 6.39% speed deviation



    Tsunami



    ProtoXtruder 2.1




    Summary

















    Autor: o 16:46 0 komentarze

    poniedziałek, 25 sierpnia 2025

    Hacking Tuya Smart sprinkler / irrigation controller

    There are not many dedicated sprinkler controllers on the internet that can be integrated with Home Assistant. Moreover, most available electromagnetic valves use AC, which creates the problem of needing an additional power supply to get them working. Nowadays, you can buy DC coils (for example, Hunter makes some), but they are much more expensive.

    Solution used so far.

    Previously, I used a modified LILYGO T-Relay with an external WiFi antenna. It worked reliably, but as mentioned, it required a DC power supply for the T-Relay and AC for the coils. After a few years of reliable operation, I added another watering section to my garden. However, since I used a T-Relay with 4 relays and none were free anymore, I needed to find a new solution.

    New possible solutions:

    Additional Relay:

    The ESP32 board has enough GPIOs to control many more relays, but due to the external DC PSU, I ran out of space in the hermetic box. Buying a new one was not an option because the old one was already too big.

    Design own PCB:

    Years ago, I designed my own PCBs, but now I’m older, lazier, and don’t have as much time. Like the previous proposal, this idea was also rejected.

    Find an Out-of-the-Box Solution:

    Solutions from big companies are usually very expensive and often cannot be integrated with Home Assistant.
    After days of searching online, I was unable to find any suitable solution for controlling 24 ACV valves over ZigBee. Moreover, WiFi-based solutions are also limited to Tuya Cloud.

    Summary.

    It is very hard to find a solution that fits the needs of cloud-independent home automation.

    Experiment.

    During research for another project, I found that it’s possible to bypass Tuya Cloud using different tools, so I decided to buy a controller like the one shown below.
    Czytaj więcej »
    Autor: o 12:10 0 komentarze
    Etykiety: , , , , , , , , ,

    poniedziałek, 21 września 2020

    Mikrus - koncept drukarki na paskach i PFTE #1

     Jakiś czas temu przeglądając forum zauważyłem iż większość narzekań jest na krzywe śruby trapezowe powodujące artefakty. Aby rozwiązać ten problem wiele osób zaleca drogie śruby kulowe. Ale znaleźli się też tacy co próbowali użyć pasków do napędzania osi Z. Co więcej większość doświadczonych zamiast wałków poleca prowadnice liniowe. Idąc tym tropem dalej natknąłem się na różne próby użycia PTFE jako ślizgacze i zrobienia z nich czegoś na wzór prowadnic liniowych.

    Patrząc na swoją kolekcję części zapasowych oraz bazując na informacjach zbieranych w trakcie czytania niezmierzonych pokładów wątków postanowiłem zrobić eksperyment(?). Mianowicie zaprojektować małą biurkową drukarkę. O to jej główne założenia:

    • Wykorzystać jak najwięcej zalegających części w domu.
    • Mała i zgrabna (woła roboczego już mam).
    • Układ kartezjański.
    • Wykorzystać ramę jako prowadnice (?).
    • Wszystko na paskach.
    Powstało coś takiego:

    Jest to wciąż prototypowa wersja już nieco nie aktualna, ale nie miałem czasu poprawić plików "assembly".

    Teraz tak trochę w liczbach co udało mi się osiągnąć.

    • Drukarka ma wymiary po obrysie 250x314 mm a pole w X Y mam 160x140 mm - oś X ma potwierdzone już 160mm natomiast oś Y jeszcze nie testowana. Dla porównania w moim HEVO przy obrysie 485x475mm mam pole robocze w okolicach 300x300mm co daje stały współczynnik strat w osi X 185 dla hevo i 90 dla mikrusa oraz Y 175 dla hevo oraz 174 dla mikrusa. Uważam że jest to dość dobry wynik.
    • Prędkości obecnie są niewielkie, na osi Y do 200mm/s a na X do 100mm/s. Wynika to z różnych rozdzielczości na osiach. W X jest to 160 kroków na mm a w Y 80 kroków na mm. Wszysto na chwilę obecną zasilane jest z 12V. Jeżeli ktoś jest zainteresowany większą ilością szczegółów to zapraszam do Dobór silników krokowych
    • Użyłem profili aluminiowych 15x15x2mm na belce X oraz na stole są one 1,5mm grubości.
    A tak na chwilę obecną przedstawiają się postępy prac nad nią:

     




















    CDN...

    Autor: o 15:00 0 komentarze
    Etykiety: , , , ,

    piątek, 10 lipca 2020

    W poszukiwaniu idealnego koloru do litofanów #1

    W swojej przygodzie z drugiem 3D dotarłem do miejsca gdzie napotkałem coś takiego jak litofan. W skrócie jest to płytka o różnej grubości która po oświetleniu z tyłu pokazuje co skrywa,

    Najpopularniejszym kolorem do litofanów jest biały. Jednak z tym białym bywa różnie. Generalnie jest to jeden z najtrudniejszych kolorów do opanowania. Jest to związane z tym iż biały pigment kryje najsłabiej i potrzeba go relatywnie więcej do uzyskania pożądanego koloru. Również w zależności od użytego barwnika bywa różnie. Polecam artykuł Understanding the ‘Science’ of Color

    Swojego czasu nabyłem od Rosa3D szpulę PLA Premium przejściową gdzie tak z 80% stanowił kolor biały. Więc postanowił dać mu szansę i spróbować. Efekt mnie zaskoczył. Nie dość iż drukowało się nim bardzo przyjemnie to jeszcze litofan wyszedł bardzo ładny.


    Więc postanowiłem iść za ciosem, skoro PLA dobrze się drukuje to stwierdziłem, że spróbuję z PET-G. Tak do lamp. Odpowiedz otrzymałem szybko. Dowiedziałem się z niej, że każdy filament PLA ze stajni R3D posiada taki sam rodzaj  i ilość białego barwnika, ale już PET-G posiada inny specyficzny dla danego typu polimeru. Więc poprosiłem o próbki i je też otrzymałem.


    Więc w zasadzie tego samego dnia wrzuciłem próbkę do drukarki i taki jest efekt. Niestety było to wrzucone bez dopasowania profilu oraz jak się później okazało, prześwity oraz dziwnie położone warstwy spowodowane był problemem ze spadającą skarpetą głowicy. Wydruk jest "śliski" i ładnie błyszczący,
    .

    Tu jest DD biały, który przy szybkim drukowaniu dalej sprawia mi problemy.




    Podsumowanie.

    Jak widać na niżej załączonych obrazkach filamenty te posiadają różne pigmenty dające inne efekty. Oba PLA po "prześwietleniu" mają kolory sepii. DD jest ciemniejsze przy tych samych parametrach, natomiast R3D jaśniejsze. Zwiększyć przejście kolorów da się poprzez zwiększenie maksymalnej grubości w generatorze litofanów. PET-G wyszło w odcieniach szarości. W zależności od potrzeb można uzyskać różne efekty.
    R3D PET-G
    R3D PLA
    DD PLA



    Biały białemu nierówny.

    Jednak jeżeli przyglądnąć się bliżej, to biały białemu nie równy.

    PETG, R3D PLA, DD PLA
    Tutaj zestawienie wszystkich próbek jeszcze raz.
    Próbki białe i naturalne, w tel PLA DD białe,
    Autor: o 14:14 0 komentarze
    Etykiety: , , , , , ,
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